PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS IN GAS-SOLIDS FLUIDIZED BEDS

Pressure fluctuation data measured in a series of fluidized beds with diameters of 0.05, 0.1, 0.29, 0.60 and 1.56 m showed that the maximum amplitude or standard deviation increased with increasing the superficial gas velocity and static bed height for relatively shallow beds and became insensitive to the increase in static bed height in relatively deep beds. The amplitude appeared to be less dependent on the measurement location in the dense bed. Predictions based on bubble passage, bubble eruption at the upper bed surface and bed oscillation all failed to explain all observed trends and underestimated the amplitude of pressure fluctuations, suggesting that the global pressure fluctuations in gas-solids bubbling fluidized beds are the superposition of local pressure variations, bed oscillations and pressure waves generated from the bubble formation in the distributor region, bubble coalescence during their rise and bubble eruption at the upper bed surface.     

Forced convection heat transfer at the boundary layer of a packed bed

Numerical investigations of the nature of the fluid flow pattern and heat transfer at the boundary layer of a packed bed are reported. A volume averaged Navier-Stokes equation is used to predict the fluid flow and a volume averaged heat balance equation the heat transfer. A variable porosity in the packing is assumed in the region near the wall. Simulations are performed using a modified penalty Galerkin finite element method. The case of fully developed hydrodynamic flow and developing thermal flow is studied. The Nusselt number is found to depend on the Reynolds number, Graetz number and ratio of thermal conductivity of the solid and fluid phases. Comparison is made to some experimental literature values.Nomenclature A constant - [A] Navier-Stokes type matrix - B constant - [B] divergence matrix - C _p constant pressure heat capacity - d characteristic length - D _p particle diameter - D _t tube diameter - {F} solicitation vector - Gz Graetz number, z D _t ^–1 Pr _f Re _p - k permeability term - k _f Thermal conductivity of the fluid phase - k _s Thermal conductivity of the solid phase - [K] coefficient matrix for temperature equation - n normal vector - P pressure - Pr _f Prandtl number for the fluid _f C _p k _f ^-1 - r radial coordinate - R _t tube radius - R residual - R _m residual - Re _p Reynolds number for particle, - t tortuosity factor - T temperature - interstitial velocity - z axial coordinate - effective thermal conductivity - penalty parameter - boundary of solution domain - porosity - viscosity - density - test function - solution domain - test function     

背景和装甲目标毫米波被动探测统计特性研究

根据背景和装甲目标不同的毫米波辐射机理,采用不同的统计方法得到了背景和装甲目标的不同统计特性。针对背景的不均匀性造成的背景辐射特性的非单一性,提出了采用假设检验的方法得到背景的统计分布;针对装甲目标难以得到统计分布的特点,提出了以目标信号复杂度为特征量的装甲目标辐射特性的统计方法。为毫米波被动探测地物及装甲目标识别方法的研究提供了必要的理论依据,具有切实可行的指导意义。     

基于IGAHP-熵-博弈论-Choquet积分的新型装甲装备通用质量特性评价模型研究

针对新型装甲装备通用质量特性评价准则相互关联的问题,在建立评价指标体系的基础上,结合新型装甲装备特点,明确了通用质量特性对评价的要求,运用改进群体层次分析法(Improved Group Analytic Hierarchy Process, IGAHP)确定了指标的主观权重,采用熵权法明确了指标的客观权重,并引入博弈论的思想融合了主客观权重,考虑到评价准则之间的关联性问题,引入了模糊测度的概念,运用Choquet积分实现了新型装甲装备通用质量特性评价,为新型装甲装备通用质量特性的改进研究奠定了基础。     

Validation of a discrete element model using magnetic resonance measurements

The discrete element model （DEM） is a very promising modelling strategy for two-phase granular systems. However, owing to a lack of experimental measurements, validation of numerical simulations of two-phase granular systems is still an important issue. In this study, a small two-dimensional gas- fluidized bed was simulated using a discrete element model. The dimensions of the simulated bed were 44mm × 10mm × 120 mm and the fluidized particles had a diameter dp = 1.2 mm and density ρp = 1000 kg/m^3. The comparison between DEM simulations and experiments are performed on the basis of time-averaged voidage maps. The drag-law of Beetstra et al. [Beetstra, R., van der Hoef, M.A., ＆ Kuipers,J. A. M. （2007b）. Drag force of intermediate Reynolds number flow past mono- and bidispersed arrays of spheres. AIChE Journal, 53,489-501 ] seems to give the best results. The simulations are fairly insensitive to the coefficient of restitution and the coefficient of friction as long as some route of energy dissipation during particle-particle and particle-wall contact is provided. Changing the boundary condition of the gas phase at the side-walls from zero-slip to full-slip does not affect the simulation results. Care is to be taken that the cell sizes are chosen so that a reasonable number of particles can be found in a fluid cell.     

Polymer/Laponite Composite Latexes: Particle Morphology,Film Microstructure,and Properties

Transparent film materials with excellent mechanical and thermal properties were elaborated by drying a latex suspension of armored polymer/Laponite composite particles. Low‐temperature TEM observation of ultrathin cross‐sections of the films indicated a unique network morphology characterized by a “honeycomb” distribution of the Laponite platelets remindful of the original particles morphology.

     

Simulation study on the effect of gas permeation on the hydrodynamic characteristics of membrane-assisted micro fluidized beds

Recent research has shown the potential of membrane-assisted fluidized bed reactors for various applications, and for ultra-pure hydrogen production in particular. Due to the excellent mass transfer characteristics of fluidized beds, concentration polarization (i.e. mass transfer limitation) can be overcome and the production capacity of membrane-assisted fluidized bed reactors could be further improved by maximizing the installed membrane area per unit volume, leading to the concept of a micro-structured membrane-assisted fluidized bed reactor. In this study, numerical simulations have been systematically carried out with a discrete particle model to investigate in detail the effects of gas addition and extraction through the confining porous membrane walls on the hydrodynamic characteristics of a single membrane-assisted micro fluidized bed compartment. In particular, the effect of the permeation ratio (amount of gas permeated through the membrane relative to the amount fed) and the installed membrane area on the hydrodynamics was investigated. Gas addition or extraction via the porous membrane walls confining the emulsion phase was simulated via inward or outward directed fluxes of the gas phase, which was found to have a very pronounced influence on the bed hydrodynamics. The effects of gas permeation on the solids circulation pattern, solids holdup distribution and porosity probability density function in membrane-assisted micro fluidized beds have been discussed in great detail. It has been found that gas permeation can have an adverse effect on the bed expansion caused by gas by-passing either through the bed center for the case of gas extraction or close to the membrane walls for the case of gas addition. In addition, the formation of densified zones (increased solids holdup) close to the membrane wall that was observed in case of gas extraction may increase the bed-to-membrane mass transfer resistance. These effects may strongly decrease the gas–solid contacting and the gas residence time, which may deteriorate the reactor performance. On the other hand, it is shown that these problems caused by gas permeation may be avoided by properly tuning the gas velocity through the membrane via membrane area and other design parameters and operating conditions.     

循环流化床颗粒相湍流结构研究

从不同层次上研究了循环流化床颗粒相的湍流结构。ＰＤＡ测量发现颗粒在壁面附近的运动表现出显著的成团特征和湍流度显著降低,小波分析法得到的直观图形象地揭示了颗粒速度脉动的自相似、分叉等具有混沌特征的微观结构,且在不同的尺度上颗粒速度脉动表现出各向异性的特征。     

Computation of radiative image formation in isolated source and collimated irradiation problems

Due to the ray effect, it is not suitable to employ the discrete ordinates method to calculate the radiation field and the image-formation process in radiative problems with isolated radiative sources (such as point and line sources, isolated medium or boundary source). In this paper, a hybrid method, named Monte Carlo-discrete ordinates method (MCDOM) is developed. Firstly, the Monte Carlo method is used to calculate the emission process. Secondly, the discrete ordinates method is employed to calculate the scattering process, correspondingly, an alternative energy partitioning method is proposed to combine the above two conventional methods. Thirdly, the DOS+ISW algorithm (JQSRT, 2003, 78: 437-453) is used to calculate the image-formation process. Finally, the MCDOM is applied to computing the image formation of an endoscope, which was used to study the hydrodynamics of circulating fluidized beds (Powder Technology, 2001;114:71-83).     

Statistical analysis of packed beds,the origin of short-range disorder,and its impact on eddy dispersion

We quantified the microstructural disorder of packed beds and correlated it with the resulting eddy dispersion. For this purpose we designed a set of bulk (unconfined) monodisperse random sphere packings with a systematic, protocol-dependent degree of microstructural heterogeneity, covering a porosity range from the random-close to the random-loose packing limit (? = 0.366–0.46). With the precise knowledge of particle positions, size, and shape we conducted a Voronoï tessellation of all packings and correlated the statistical moments of the Voronoï volume distributions (standard deviation and skewness) with the porosity and the protocol-dependent microstructural disorder. The deviation of the Voronoï volume distributions from the delta function of a crystalline packing describes the origin of short-range disorder of the investigated random packings. Eddy dispersion was simulated over a wide range of reduced velocities (0.5 ≤  ν ≤ 750) and analyzed with the comprehensive Giddings equation. Transient dispersion was found to correlate with the spatial scales of heterogeneity in the packings. The analysis of short-range disorder based on the Voronoï volume distributions revealed a strong correlation with the short-range interchannel contribution to eddy dispersion, whereas transchannel dispersion was relatively little affected. The presented approach defines a strictly scientific route to the key morphology–transport relationships of current and future chromatographic supports, including their morphological reconstruction, statistical analysis, and the correlation with relevant transport phenomena. It also guides us in our understanding, comparison, and optimization of the diverse packing algorithms and protocols used in simulations and experimental studies.